House Dust Mites Recycle Fungi and Bacteria: How Allergen Droppings Propagate Microbial Life

Living in an old mattress doctors found several allergy causing mite colonies plus twenty-six different species of fungus. The extraordinary amount of fungi may have been helped by the fact that a house dust mite's (HDM) gut is not toxic enough to kill all fungi, instead selected species pass through unharmed and grow again in damp, dark, still environments. This event has been photographed using a sophisticated scanning electron microscope as seen below.

Life as a house dust mite is rich, varied and a reflection of its environment. As the mite is a prolific producer of food pellets or ‘droppings’ it is inevitable that they also contain other life mixed within the mite excrement. Each dropping can contain an array of digestive enzymes designed to break down leftover food, but also fungi and several strains of bacteria (dead or alive) that may be a future food source for the mite’s colony.

Bacterial Content in Mite Droppings

The next image shows a cross section of a dust mite's body with potentially harmful bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (coloured blue) digested and enveloped in the dropping.

Scientists have now identified many of the mite’s bacterial community, some of it friendly to the mite, possibly even part of the mite itself, some parasitic, and some potentially harmful to humans. Two such example of what can be harmful to humans are E coli or Staphylococcus aureus which have been found living in abundance within the house dust mite.

Fungi Regrowth for Mite Food

The final image is the dust mite’s dropping with fungal hyphae emerging to grow again as food for the mite.

Four environmental elements are needed for a colony of house dust mites to breed successfully, they are warm, damp and still with plenty of food available. To deny any of these elements will threaten the existence of the mite and its colony.

House dust mites are a major cause of allergic disease and known carriers of potentially harmful bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It would be unwise to take steps to reduce mite allergic symptoms without taking steps to avoid the mite, because one of the mite’s enzymes can cause a breach in cell defences creating an opening for opportunistic bystanders as mentioned above to enter the body.

Respect and avoid excessive exposure to house dust mites and the potentially dangerous ‘cargo’ they carry.